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  • Chemical waves in a Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reagent. This is a well-mixed solution of citric acid, potassium bromate and a cerium sulphate catalyst. If the local relative concentrations in the reagent are altered, for example by the impact of a dust particle on the surface, the equilibrium of the reaction is disturbed. The reaction then oscillates between oxidation and reduction. The oscillation propagates through the solution as a concentration front (yellow lines), caused by the dynamic coupling between the propagation rate of the reaction and the rates of diffusion of the reagents. Such chemical waves may be modeled using chaos mathematics.  This image is part of a series.
    K10BZRXN3572.tif
  • Chemical waves in a Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reagent. This is a well-mixed solution of citric acid, potassium bromate and a cerium sulphate catalyst. If the local relative concentrations in the reagent are altered, for example by the impact of a dust particle on the surface, the equilibrium of the reaction is disturbed. The reaction then oscillates between oxidation and reduction. The oscillation propagates through the solution as a concentration front (yellow lines), caused by the dynamic coupling between the propagation rate of the reaction and the rates of diffusion of the reagents. Such chemical waves may be modeled using chaos mathematics.  This image is part of a series.
    K10BZRXN3575.tif
  • Chemical waves in a Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reagent. This is a well-mixed solution of citric acid, potassium bromate and a cerium sulphate catalyst. If the local relative concentrations in the reagent are altered, for example by the impact of a dust particle on the surface, the equilibrium of the reaction is disturbed. The reaction then oscillates between oxidation and reduction. The oscillation propagates through the solution as a concentration front (yellow lines), caused by the dynamic coupling between the propagation rate of the reaction and the rates of diffusion of the reagents. Such chemical waves may be modeled using chaos mathematics.
    K10BZRXN3563.tif
  • Chemical waves in a Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reagent. This is a well-mixed solution of citric acid, potassium bromate and a cerium sulphate catalyst. If the local relative concentrations in the reagent are altered, for example by the impact of a dust particle on the surface, the equilibrium of the reaction is disturbed. The reaction then oscillates between oxidation and reduction. The oscillation propagates through the solution as a concentration front (yellow lines), caused by the dynamic coupling between the propagation rate of the reaction and the rates of diffusion of the reagents. Such chemical waves may be modeled using chaos mathematics.  This image is part of a series.
    K10BZRXN3584.tif
  • Chemical waves in a Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reagent. This is a well-mixed solution of citric acid, potassium bromate and a cerium sulphate catalyst. If the local relative concentrations in the reagent are altered, for example by the impact of a dust particle on the surface, the equilibrium of the reaction is disturbed. The reaction then oscillates between oxidation and reduction. The oscillation propagates through the solution as a concentration front (yellow lines), caused by the dynamic coupling between the propagation rate of the reaction and the rates of diffusion of the reagents. Such chemical waves may be modeled using chaos mathematics.  This image is part of a series.
    K10BZRXN3578.tif
  • Chemical waves in a Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reagent. This is a well-mixed solution of citric acid, potassium bromate and a cerium sulphate catalyst. If the local relative concentrations in the reagent are altered, for example by the impact of a dust particle on the surface, the equilibrium of the reaction is disturbed. The reaction then oscillates between oxidation and reduction. The oscillation propagates through the solution as a concentration front (yellow lines), caused by the dynamic coupling between the propagation rate of the reaction and the rates of diffusion of the reagents. Such chemical waves may be modeled using chaos mathematics.  This image is part of a series.
    K10BZRXN3581.tif
  • Chemical waves in a Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reagent. This is a well-mixed solution of citric acid, potassium bromate and a cerium sulphate catalyst. If the local relative concentrations in the reagent are altered, for example by the impact of a dust particle on the surface, the equilibrium of the reaction is disturbed. The reaction then oscillates between oxidation and reduction. The oscillation propagates through the solution as a concentration front (yellow lines), caused by the dynamic coupling between the propagation rate of the reaction and the rates of diffusion of the reagents. Such chemical waves may be modeled using chaos mathematics.
    K10BZRXN3566.tif
  • Chemical waves in a Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reagent. This is a well-mixed solution of citric acid, potassium bromate and a cerium sulphate catalyst. If the local relative concentrations in the reagent are altered, for example by the impact of a dust particle on the surface, the equilibrium of the reaction is disturbed. The reaction then oscillates between oxidation and reduction. The oscillation propagates through the solution as a concentration front (yellow lines), caused by the dynamic coupling between the propagation rate of the reaction and the rates of diffusion of the reagents. Such chemical waves may be modeled using chaos mathematics.
    K10BZRXN3569.tif
  • Chemical waves in a Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reagent. This is a well-mixed solution of citric acid, potassium bromate and a cerium sulphate catalyst. If the local relative concentrations in the reagent are altered, for example by the impact of a dust particle on the surface, the equilibrium of the reaction is disturbed. The reaction then oscillates between oxidation and reduction. The oscillation propagates through the solution as a concentration front (yellow lines), caused by the dynamic coupling between the propagation rate of the reaction and the rates of diffusion of the reagents. Such chemical waves may be modeled using chaos mathematics.
    K10BZRXN3560.tif
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the stem of a cannabis (Cannabis sativa) plant. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170607stemA005pan.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170517bud-k070panA1C.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170517bud-k070panA1A.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170524CPD-B-M094panA.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170517bud-C035A.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170517-A021panC.jpg
  • SEM of the antenna of the Luna Moth (Actias luna).  This male antenna is one of the most sensitive chemical detectors known in the insect world.  The male can detect a female from several kilometers away.  The calibration bar is 20 um and was taken at 2,040 x..
    K08SEMunamoth010a.jpg
  • SEM of the antenna of the Luna Moth (Actias luna).  This male antenna is one of the most sensitive chemical detectors known in the insect world.  The male can detect a female from several kilometers away.  The calibration bar is 10 um and was taken at 15,930 x..
    K08SEMlunamoth007.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image. The filed of view of this image is 3 mm wide.
    K170609bractF028panA.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the stem of a cannabis (Cannabis sativa) plant. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170607stemC010pan.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the stem of a cannabis (Cannabis sativa) plant. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170607stemA005panB.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170524CPD-B-M094panC.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170517bud-H062panC.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170517bud-H062panA.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170517bud-C035B.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170517-A021panB.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image. The filed of view of this image is 3 mm wide.
    K170609bractF028panB.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. The filed of view in this image is 4 mm wide. This flower has been pollinated and is startign to develop a seed.
    K170609BractP066panA.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170524CPD-B-M094panB.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170517bud-k070panA1B.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170517-A021panA.jpg
  • SEM of the antenna of the Luna Moth (Actias luna).  This male antenna is one of the most sensitive chemical detectors known in the insect world.  The male can detect a female from several kilometers away.  The calibration bar is 20 um and was taken at 2,040 x..
    K08SEMlunamoth010B.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. The filed of view in this image is 4 mm wide. This flower has been pollinated and is startign to develop a seed.
    K170609BractP066panB.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the stem of a cannabis (Cannabis sativa) plant. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170607stemC010panB.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the football shaped bract of the female  cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flower. The oval bract structure houses the stigma and is responsible for producing seeds when the flower has been pollinated. This bract structure is also the location of the highest concentration of cannabinoid compounds on the plant.  This site is also the location of the highest concentration of THC. There are a number of different types of cell structures called trichomes in this image. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense while the circular glandular trichomes use chemical defense. Combined, these defenses keep insects and animals from eating the plant. Each circular glandular trichome is 50 um in diameter in this image.
    K170517bud-H062panB.jpg
  • Copper(II) chloride (CuCl2) emits a green-blue glow in a flame test.  In this experiment the copper chloride is placed in a watch glass and saturated with ethanol.  The burning ethanol heats the copper to show the characteristic green flame.
    K13-copper011.JPG
  • Barium chloride (BaCl2) emits a red-orange glow in a flame test.  In this experiment the barium chloride is placed in a watch glass and saturated with ethanol.  The burning ethanol heats the barium to show the characteristic orange flame.
    K13-barium029.JPG
  • Copper(II) chloride (CuCl2) emits a green-blue glow in a flame test.  In this experiment the copper chloride is placed in a watch glass and saturated with ethanol.  The burning ethanol heats the copper to show the characteristic green flame.
    K13-copper019.JPG
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the stem of a young cannabis (Cannabis sativa) plant. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense to keep insects and animals from eating the plant. The stem is 1.5 mm diameter in this image.
    K170429-5day064C.jpg
  • Caffeine crystals. Colored scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of caffeine crystals (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine).   Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), increasing alertness and deferring fatigue. It occurs in coffee beans and tea leaves. Magnification: 150x and the image is .8mm wide.
    K12SEM-caffeine17B.jpg
  • Scanning Electron Microscope (sem) image of heroin (diamorphine).  Heroin is a powerful narcotic  and painkiller that is derived from morphine. Its use in medicine is restricted because it is highly addictive after only a short period of use. Heroin is abused as a recreational drug. The body develops tolerance to the drug quickly and larger doses are needed to achieve the same effect.  The calibration bar is 10 um and the magnification is 802 x. In this image the blue colors represent contaminants.
    K08SEMheroin-b008A.jpg
  • Color-enhanced Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of the surface of a marijuana (Cannabis sativa) plant, showing glandular cells, called trichomes. These are capitate trichomes that have stalks. They secrete a resin containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component of cannabis when used as a drug. Magnification: 252X when printed 10 cm wide.
    K170512bottom1C.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the stem of a young cannabis (Cannabis sativa) plant. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense to keep insects and animals from eating the plant. The stem is 1.5 mm diameter in this image.
    K170429-5day064B.jpg
  • This is a turbine blade that is responsible for making a jet engine work.  This particular blade is from a fighter jet and routinely travels though the compression stage of the jet engine traveling faster than the speed of sound as it rotates.  Due to the hot environment inside the engine, the turbine blades have to be specially engineered out of state of the art materials.  Titanium, and titanium alloys are routinely used for turbine blades.
    titanium-jet-blade_0060.jpg
  • Caffeine crystals. Colored scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of caffeine crystals (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine).   Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), increasing alertness and deferring fatigue. It occurs in coffee beans and tea leaves. Magnification: 150x and the image is .8mm wide.
    K12SEM-caffeine17a.jpg
  • Caffeine crystals. Colored scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of caffeine crystals (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine).   Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), increasing alertness and deferring fatigue. It occurs in coffee beans and tea leaves. Magnification: 952x and the image is .12mm wide.
    K12SEM-caffeine08B.jpg
  • Titanium crystals.   Ultra pure titanium crystals.
    K12-Titanium307.jpg
  • Pure crystalline silicon.  The element silicon is used in making integrated circuits (IC) for computers.
    K11-silicon4205.jpg
  • SEM of Reindeer Lichen (Cladonia rangiferina); color enhanced scanning electron micrograph (SEM). A lichen is a symbiosis between a fungus and an alga. The fungus provides the structural support for the lichen partnership, while the alga provides food by photosynthesis.  Cladonia lichen are classified as fruticose due to their tall erect structures.  Like all lichens, the ones in this photograph grow very slowly: only a few millimeters in a year.  The calibration bar is 100 um and the magnification was .52 x
    K08SEMliken-A020.jpg
  • SEM of Reindeer Lichen (Cladonia rangiferina); color enhanced scanning electron micrograph (SEM). A lichen is a symbiosis between a fungus and an alga. The fungus provides the structural support for the lichen partnership, while the alga provides food by photosynthesis.  Cladonia lichen are classified as fruticose due to their tall erect structures.  Like all lichens, the ones in this photograph grow very slowly: only a few millimeters in a year.  The calibration bar is 100 um and the magnification was .52 x
    K08SEMliken-A019.jpg
  • Scanning Electron Microscope (sem) image of heroin (diamorphine).  Heroin is a powerful narcotic  and painkiller that is derived from morphine. Its use in medicine is restricted because it is highly addictive after only a short period of use. Heroin is abused as a recreational drug. The body develops tolerance to the drug quickly and larger doses are needed to achieve the same effect.  The calibration bar is 10 um and the magnification is 802 x. In this image the blue colors represent contaminants.
    K08SEMheroin-b008A.jpg
  • SEM of Reindeer Lichen (Cladonia rangiferina); color enhanced scanning electron micrograph (SEM). A lichen is a symbiosis between a fungus and an alga. The fungus provides the structural support for the lichen partnership, while the alga provides food by photosynthesis.  Cladonia lichen are classified as fruticose due to their tall erect structures.  Like all lichens, the ones in this photograph grow very slowly: only a few millimeters in a year.  The calibration bar is 100 um and the magnification was .52 x
    K08SEMliken-A020.jpg
  • Scanning Electron Microscope (sem) image of heroin (diamorphine).  Heroin is a powerful narcotic  and painkiller that is derived from morphine. Its use in medicine is restricted because it is highly addictive after only a short period of use. Heroin is abused as a recreational drug. The body develops tolerance to the drug quickly and larger doses are needed to achieve the same effect.  The calibration bar is 10 um and the magnification is 802 x.
    K08SEMheroin-b008blue.jpg
  • False color scanning electron microscope image of an uncut natural diamond.  Diamond is one of the crystal forms of pure carbon and is element 6 on the periodic table. Diamond is the hardest material known to science.  The magnification is 200x and the calibration bar is 200 um in length.
    K07SEM-diamondB2B.jpg
  • Color-enhanced Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of the surface of a marijuana (Cannabis sativa) plant, showing glandular cells, called trichomes. These are capitate trichomes that have stalks. They secrete a resin containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component of cannabis when used as a drug. Magnification: 252X when printed 10 cm wide.
    K170512bottom1B.jpg
  • Color-enhanced Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of the surface of a marijuana (Cannabis sativa) plant, showing glandular cells, called trichomes. These are capitate trichomes that have stalks. They secrete a resin containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component of cannabis when used as a drug. Magnification: 252X when printed 10 cm wide.
    K170512bottom1.jpg
  • Caffeine crystals. Colored scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of caffeine crystals (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine).   Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), increasing alertness and deferring fatigue. It occurs in coffee beans and tea leaves. Magnification: 952x and the image is .12mm wide.
    K12SEM-caffeine08a.jpg
  • Titanium crystals.   Ultra pure titanium crystals.
    K12-Titanium300.jpg
  • Pure crystalline silicon.  The element silicon is used in making integrated circuits (IC) for computers.
    K11-silicon4193.jpg
  • SEM of Reindeer Lichen (Cladonia rangiferina); color enhanced scanning electron micrograph (SEM). A lichen is a symbiosis between a fungus and an alga. The fungus provides the structural support for the lichen partnership, while the alga provides food by photosynthesis.  Cladonia lichen are classified as fruticose due to their tall erect structures.  Like all lichens, the ones in this photograph grow very slowly: only a few millimeters in a year.  The calibration bar is 100 um and the magnification was .52 x
    K08SEMliken-A019.jpg
  • False color scanning electron microscope image of an uncut natural diamond.  Diamond is one of the crystal forms of pure carbon and is element 6 on the periodic table. Diamond is the hardest material known to science.  The magnification is 200x and the calibration bar is 200 um in length.
    K07SEM-diamondA3.jpg
  • A scanning electron microscope image of the stem of a young cannabis (Cannabis sativa) plant. The thorn-like trichomes use a physical defense to keep insects and animals from eating the plant. The stem is 1.5 mm diameter in this image.
    K170429-5day064.jpg
  • Titanium crystals.   Ultra pure titanium crystals.
    K12-Titanium302.jpg
  • False color scanning electron microscope image of an uncut natural diamond.  Diamond is one of the crystal forms of pure carbon and is element 6 on the periodic table. Diamond is the hardest material known to science.  The magnification is 200x and the calibration bar is 200 um in length.
    K07SEM-diamondA1.jpg
  • A sheet of exposed cyanotype chemical paper with the fern that blocked the UV light. Exposure to UV light has caused the chemicals to turn blue. The next step would be to wash the print in water. In this process an object is placed on the ultraviolet sensitive chemically treated paper and exposed to a strong UV light source – in this case sunlight.  The object is then removed and the print washed in cool water to remove the unreacted chemicals. Cyanotype is a photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print. Engineers used the process well into the 20th century as a simple and low-cost process to produce copies of drawings, referred to as blueprints. The process uses two chemicals: ammonium iron(III) citrate and potassium ferricyanide.  The English scientist and astronomer Sir John Herschel discovered the procedure in 1842.
    K14-cyanotype-7.jpg
  • Hydroponic Chemicals dried and photographed under polarized light.  The magnification was 100x on a 35 mm sensor. Polarized light microscope image of flora-blend, a nutrient chemical used in the hydroponic growth of hydroponic plants
    K14-hydrop-73.jpg
  • Hydroponic Chemicals dried and photographed under polarized light.  The magnification was 100x on a 35 mm sensor. Polarized light microscope image of rapid-start, a nutrient chemical used in the hydroponic growth of plants.
    K14-hydrop-75.jpg
  • A species of glow in the dark mushroom, Panellus stipticus. This naturally occurring bio-luminescent mushroom is common in New England forests in the fall. This species lives on partially decayed oak and uses a unique chemical reaction to digest chemicals in the oak that are toxic to other fungi. Part of a series showing the mushroom in visible and bio-luminescent light.
    K13-glow2A.jpg
  • A species of glow in the dark mushroom, Panellus stipticus. This naturally occurring bio-luminescent mushroom is common in New England forests in the fall. This species lives on partially decayed oak and uses a unique chemical reaction to digest chemicals in the oak that are toxic to other fungi. Part of a series showing the mushroom in visible and bio-luminescent light.
    K13-glow2-010A.jpg
  • A species of glow in the dark mushroom, Panellus stipticus. This naturally occurring bio-luminescent mushroom is common in New England forests in the fall. This species lives on partially decayed oak and uses a unique chemical reaction to digest chemicals in the oak that are toxic to other fungi. Part of a series showing the mushroom in visible and bio-luminescent light.
    K13-glow1-043.jpg
  • A species of glow in the dark mushroom, Panellus stipticus. This naturally occurring bio-luminescent mushroom is common in New England forests in the fall. This species lives on partially decayed oak and uses a unique chemical reaction to digest chemicals in the oak that are toxic to other fungi. Part of a series showing the mushroom in visible and bio-luminescent light.
    K13-glowmushC8381 copy.jpg
  • A species of glow in the dark mushroom, Panellus stipticus. This naturally occurring bio-luminescent mushroom is common in New England forests in the fall. This species lives on partially decayed oak and uses a unique chemical reaction to digest chemicals in the oak that are toxic to other fungi. Part of a series showing the mushroom in visible and bio-luminescent light.
    K13-glowmushC8370.jpg
  • A species of glow in the dark mushroom, Panellus stipticus. This naturally occurring bio-luminescent mushroom is common in New England forests in the fall. This species lives on partially decayed oak and uses a unique chemical reaction to digest chemicals in the oak that are toxic to other fungi. Part of a series showing the mushroom in visible and bio-luminescent light.
    K13-glowmush1A.jpg
  • A species of glow in the dark mushroom, Panellus stipticus. This naturally occurring bio-luminescent mushroom is common in New England forests in the fall. This species lives on partially decayed oak and uses a unique chemical reaction to digest chemicals in the oak that are toxic to other fungi. Part of a series showing the mushroom in visible and bio-luminescent light.
    K13-glowmush1-combo.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-36.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-16.jpg
  • A sample of Uranium ore conglomerate from Ontario Canada.  This image was created by placing the slice of radioactive conglomerate on a sheet of sensitive x-ray film for four days.  The darkest spots represent the highest sources of radiation.  The radiation is gamma, beta, and gamma..Uranium ore is also called pitchblende.  Pitchblende is a form of the uranium ore (uranium oxide).  This highly radioactive black ore is made up of uranium (U) and oxygen (O) in the chemical formula U3O8. As an uranium source it is important for the nuclear industry. .This is part of a series.  The other images in the series show the rock sample in optical light.
    Uo2-rock-radiation-B-aligned.jpg
  • Crystals in the roots of the Cannabis plant. The exact composition of these are currently unknown and their role in the life cycle of the plant is a mystery. Why are they there? What do they do? What is the chemical composition of the crystals? Just a few of the questions that seem to be a daily occurrence when looking at the cannabis plant with this level of magnification.<br />
Magnification on the printed page is 4300x at 9 inches wide.
    K170614Root-crystalscombo.jpg
  • Crystals in the roots of the Cannabis plant. The exact composition of these are currently unknown and their role in the life cycle of the plant is a mystery. Why are they there? What do they do? What is the chemical composition of the crystals? Just a few of the questions that seem to be a daily occurrence when looking at the cannabis plant with this level of magnification.<br />
Magnification on the printed page is 4300x at 9 inches wide.
    170614Root-crystalscombo.jpg
  • Gypsum. Polarized light micrograph of a thin section of gypsum. Gypsum is a chemical sedimentary rock, composed mainly of hydrated calcium sulphate. It may grow as a crystal aggregate (as here) or in giant tabular crystals up to 1 meter in length. Gypsum is used in plaster of Paris, in Portland cement and as a flux in pottery. The most compact form of gypsum is known as alabaster. Sample collected in Penfield, New York.  Object size: 40 mm.
    K17pol-gypsum_4700.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-45.jpg
  • Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of asbestos fibers. Asbestos is a fibrous mineral form of impure magnesium silicate. It is often used in building materials, chemical filters, and electrical insulation. Inhalation of asbestos fibers may cause asbestosis or lung cancer.  Calibration bar in the image is 10 um and was taken at 4,140x
    K08asbestos029.jpg
  • Gypsum. Polarized light micrograph of a thin section of gypsum. Gypsum is a chemical sedimentary rock, composed mainly of hydrated calcium sulphate. It may grow as a crystal aggregate (as here) or in giant tabular crystals up to 1 meter in length. Gypsum is used in plaster of Paris, in Portland cement and as a flux in pottery. The most compact form of gypsum is known as alabaster. Sample collected in Penfield, New York.  Object size: 40 mm.
    K17pol-gypsum_4697.jpg
  • A seedling of the coca plant (Erythroxylon coca). The leaves contain the stimulant chemical cocaine. They can be chewed to produce a mild stimulant effect, or made into an infusion. The plant is native to the slopes of the Andes in South America, where indigenous people have used it for centuries. The leaves can also be processed to extract pure cocaine. For this reason the cultivation of the plant is controversial.
    K17cocaineplant-5.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-46.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-42.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-18.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-29.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-15.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-9.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-3.jpg
  • Sweet Flag Stem (Acorus calamus)  Light micrograph of a section through a fig tree stem. The large holes are cross-sections of xylem, vascular tissue used to transport water and minerals from the roots.  The rootstock of this aromatic plant are used as a natural insecticide and an ingredient of perfumes. The roots  were used for various medicinal purposes, and reportedly induce hallucinations if eaten in sufficiently large quantities. In modern times the active chemical in the plant have been identified as Beta-asarone,  a carcinogen.  The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has banned the use of the sweet flag as a food additive. The magnification is 200 times when printed 10 inches wide.
    K07sweet-flag200x-11.tif
  • Sweet Flag Stem (Acorus calamus)  Light micrograph of a section through a fig tree stem. The large holes are cross-sections of xylem, vascular tissue used to transport water and minerals from the roots.  The rootstock of this aromatic plant are used as a natural insecticide and an ingredient of perfumes. The roots  were used for various medicinal purposes, and reportedly induce hallucinations if eaten in sufficiently large quantities. In modern times the active chemical in the plant have been identified as Beta-asarone,  a carcinogen.  The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has banned the use of the sweet flag as a food additive. The magnification is 200 times when printed 10 inches wide.
    K07sweet-flag200x-1.tif
  • A sample of Uranium ore conglomerate from Ontario Canada.  This image was created by placing the slice of radioactive conglomerate on a sheet of sensitive x-ray film for four days.  The brightest spots represent the highest sources of radiation.  False color was applied to the black and white image. The radiation is gamma, beta, and gamma..Uranium ore is also called pitchblende.  Pitchblende is a form of the uranium ore (uranium oxide).  This highly radioactive black ore is made up of uranium (U) and oxygen (O) in the chemical formula U3O8. As an uranium source it is important for the nuclear industry. .This is part of a series.  The other images in the series show the rock sample in optical light.
    Uo2-rock-radiation-A.jpg
  • Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of asbestos fibers. Asbestos is a fibrous mineral form of impure magnesium silicate. It is often used in building materials, chemical filters, and electrical insulation. Inhalation of asbestos fibers may cause asbestosis or lung cancer.  Calibration bar in the image is 100 um and was taken at 1,000x
    K08asbestos027.jpg
  • Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of asbestos fibers. Asbestos is a fibrous mineral form of impure magnesium silicate. It is often used in building materials, chemical filters, and electrical insulation. Inhalation of asbestos fibers may cause asbestosis or lung cancer.  Calibration bar in the image is 2 um and was taken at 20,000x
    K08asbestos031.jpg
  • A seedling of the coca plant (Erythroxylon coca). The leaves contain the stimulant chemical cocaine. They can be chewed to produce a mild stimulant effect, or made into an infusion. The plant is native to the slopes of the Andes in South America, where indigenous people have used it for centuries. The leaves can also be processed to extract pure cocaine. For this reason the cultivation of the plant is controversial.
    K17cocaineplant-2.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-44.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-30.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-14.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-2.jpg
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