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  • This is a demonstration of a ball rolling up an incline, slowing down, and then speeding up as it rolls down the opposite side.  The ball is rolling from left to right in this image.  The analysis of this demo requires the use of the  kinetic energy, potential energy, rolling energy, and friction.   The  ball is 2.5 cm in diameter. The flash illuminates the scene at 40 hz showing images every  .025 seconds of time.
    K12-coaster8263.jpg
  • This is a demonstration of a ball rolling up an incline, slowing down, and then speeding up as it rolls down the opposite side.  The ball is rolling from left to right in this image.  The analysis of this demo requires the use of the  kinetic energy, potential energy, rolling energy, and friction.   The  ball is 2.5 cm in diameter. The flash illuminates the scene at 40 hz showing images every  .025 seconds of time.
    K12-coaster8207blue.jpg
  • .This is a demonstration of a ball rolling down an incline and making the loop-the-loop path.  The velocity required to make the loop is called the critical velocity.   The analysis of this demo requires the use of the centripetal force, kinetic energy, potential energy, rolling energy, and friction.  This is also an example of a critical velocity.  The loop is 19.5 cm in diameter and the ball is 2.5 cm in diameter. The flash illuminates the scene at 40 hz showing images every  .025 seconds of time. .
    K12-full-loop8115red.jpg
  • .This is a demonstration of a ball rolling down an incline. The analysis of this demo requires the use of the  kinetic energy, potential energy, rolling energy, and friction.   The  ball is 2.5 cm in diameter. The flash illuminates the scene at 40 hz showing images every  .025 seconds of time. .
    K12-full-lAccel8115red.jpg
  • .This is a demonstration of a ball rolling down an incline. The analysis of this demo requires the use of the  kinetic energy, potential energy, rolling energy, and friction.   The  ball is 2.5 cm in diameter. The flash illuminates the scene at 40 hz showing images every  .025 seconds of time. .
    K12-full-lAccel8115blue.jpg
  • This is a demonstration of a ball rolling down an incline, slowing down, and then speeding back to where it started.  The ball is rolling from left to right in this image.  The analysis of this demo requires the use of the  kinetic energy, potential energy, rolling energy, and friction.   The  ball is 2.5 cm in diameter. The flash illuminates the scene at 40 hz showing images every  .025 seconds of time.
    K12-coaster8298.jpg
  • This is a demonstration of a ball rolling up an incline, slowing down, and then speeding up as it rolls down the opposite side.  The ball is rolling from left to right in this image.  The analysis of this demo requires the use of the  kinetic energy, potential energy, rolling energy, and friction.   The  ball is 2.5 cm in diameter. The flash illuminates the scene at 40 hz showing images every  .025 seconds of time.
    K12-coaster8207.jpg
  • .This is a demonstration of a ball rolling down an incline and almost making the loop-the-loop path.  The ball does not have enough velocity to make the loop.  The velocity required to make the loop is called the critical velocity, and this show a situation where the ball leaves the surface of the track, or the normal force from the track on the ball is zero.  The analysis of this demo requires the use of the centripetal force, kinetic energy, potential energy, rolling energy, and friction.  This is also an example of a sub critical velocity.  The loop is 19.5 cm in diameter and the ball is 2.5 cm in diameter. The flash illuminates the scene at 40 hz showing images every  .025 seconds of time. .
    K12-looploop8096white.jpg
  • .This is a demonstration of a ball rolling down an incline and making the loop-the-loop path.  The velocity required to make the loop is called the critical velocity.   The analysis of this demo requires the use of the centripetal force, kinetic energy, potential energy, rolling energy, and friction.  This is also an example of a critical velocity.  The loop is 19.5 cm in diameter and the ball is 2.5 cm in diameter. The flash illuminates the scene at 40 hz showing images every  .025 seconds of time. .
    K12-full-loop8115white.jpg
  • .This is a demonstration of a ball rolling down an incline and almost making the loop-the-loop path.  The ball does not have enough velocity to make the loop.  The velocity required to make the loop is called the critical velocity, and this show a situation where the ball leaves the surface of the track, or the normal force from the track on the ball is zero.  The analysis of this demo requires the use of the centripetal force, kinetic energy, potential energy, rolling energy, and friction.  This is also an example of a sub critical velocity.  The loop is 19.5 cm in diameter and the ball is 2.5 cm in diameter. The flash illuminates the scene at 40 hz showing images every  .025 seconds of time. .
    K12-looploop8096.jpg
  • This is a demonstration of a ball rolling up an incline, slowing down, and then speeding up as it rolls down the opposite side.  The ball is rolling from left to right in this image.  The analysis of this demo requires the use of the  kinetic energy, potential energy, rolling energy, and friction.   The  ball is 2.5 cm in diameter. The flash illuminates the scene at 40 hz showing images every  .025 seconds of time.
    K12-coaster8207red.jpg
  • An early (1900's) electron demostration tube.  High voltage is applied to the top and bottom contacts.  This type of tube lead to the development of X-rays.  This tube is photographed with x-rays.
    crooks-neg.jpg
  • An apple and a feather are released at the same time.  The feather that is falling in a vacuum chamber falls at the same rate as the apple in the air.  The feather and the apple have metal pins in them that are attracted to the strong magnets in the release mechanism that can be seen at the top of the image.  The flash is triggered at 1/20th of a second interval.  The apple and feather do accelerate at the same rate..The vacuum pressure was 30 microns.
    K12-gravity-apple001.JPG
  • An apple and a feather are released at the same time.  The feather that is falling in a vacuum chamber falls at the same rate as the apple in the air.  The feather and the apple have metal pins in them that are attracted to the strong magnets in the release mechanism that can be seen at the top of the image.  The flash is triggered at 1/20th of a second interval.  The apple and feather do accelerate at the same rate..The vacuum pressure was 30 microns.
    K12-gravity-apple004.JPG
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-45.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-36.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-16.jpg
  • Copper(II) chloride (CuCl2) emits a green-blue glow in a flame test.  In this experiment the copper chloride is placed in a watch glass and saturated with ethanol.  The burning ethanol heats the copper to show the characteristic green flame.
    K13-copper011.JPG
  • A special compression driver speaker is mounted to the left of the glass.  When the speaker is set to the resonance of the glass - vibrations will constructively interfere with each other until the glass breaks.  This demonstration takes a special speaker, a frequency generator, and an amplifier that can drive the speaker at 120 watts.  The action is captured with a high speed flash operating at 1/20,000th of a second. This image is one out of a set of two showing before and during the glass shattering..
    K12HS-glass-break008-cleaned.jpg
  • Ice water is placed in a beaker and the air is removed in a vacuum chamber.  Then the air pressure is lower that the waters vapor pressure the liquid will boil.
    K12vac-boil-icewater004.JPG
  • The vacuum chamber setup to boil ice water in a vacuum.  Ice water is placed in a beaker and the air is removed in a vacuum chamber.  Then the air pressure is lower that the waters vapor pressure the liquid will boil.
    K12vac-boil-icewater001.JPG
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a square sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency. When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes. Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate. The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate. This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 - 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibration079.jpg
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a square sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency. When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes. Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate. The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate. This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 - 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibration072.jpg
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a square sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency. When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes. Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate. The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate. This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 - 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibration075.jpg
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a square sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency. When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes. Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate. The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate. This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 - 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibration062.jpg
  • The electrostatic field lines around a point charge and a cylinder.   The electric fields are shown by placing the two charged objects in a pan filled with cooking oil and pepper flakes.  The pepper flakes align in the electric field and allow visualization of the field.  In this image the left point is charged to -30,000 volts while the right ring has a potential of + 30,000 volts.  This image is part of a series showing different charging conditions.  Of special importance is the lack of fields showing inside the cylinder.  This is the classic case of no electrical fields inside an electrical conductor.  In this image the cylinder acts as a Faraday cage and shields the enclosed area from any external electrical fields..
    K11-efield012.JPG
  • The motion of a planets orbit around a star is simulated by rolling a ball on a curved surface of plastic..
    K11-gravitywell006.JPG
  • This is a demonstration used to show the principle of heat of compression.  This is the physical process that makes Diesel engines possible.   To work the demonstration, a small sample of cotton is placed in the chamber.  The plunger is then forced down and held in place with considerable force.  The air in the chamber is forced into a very small volume, thus heating the air above the flash temperature of the Cotton.  The same process take place in a Diesel engine, but the fuel is oil.  The Diesel engine is much more efficient that a gasoline engine. .
    K12-combustion8008.jpg
  • This is a demonstration used to show the principle of heat of compression.  This is the physical process that makes Diesel engines possible.   To work the demonstration, a small sample of cotton is placed in the chamber.  The plunger is then forced down and held in place with considerable force.  The air in the chamber is forced into a very small volume, thus heating the air above the flash temperature of the Cotton.  The same process take place in a Diesel engine, but the fuel is oil.  The Diesel engine is much more efficient that a gasoline engine. .
    K12-combustion7955.jpg
  • The strong electric fields created by the tesla coil cause the gas in a neon emission tube to glow.
    K10teslane3833.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-18.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-29.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-15.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-9.jpg
  • Marshmallows are placed in a vacuum chamber and the air is removed.  As the air is removed the pressure drops causing the air trapped in the marshmallows to expand.  The trapped air expands to many the original volume and the marshmallows grows in size.  This image is part of a series taken at different vacuum pressures.
    K12vac-marshmallow005.JPG
  • Marshmallows are placed in a vacuum chamber and the air is removed.  As the air is removed the pressure drops causing the air trapped in the marshmallows to expand.  The trapped air expands to many the original volume and the marshmallows grows in size.  This image is part of a series taken at different vacuum pressures.
    K12vac-marshmallow001.JPG
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a square sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency. When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes. Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate. The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate. This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 - 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibration074.jpg
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a square sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency. When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes. Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate. The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate. This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 - 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibration076.jpg
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a square sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency. When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes. Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate. The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate. This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 - 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibration065.jpg
  • The electrostatic field lines around a point charge and a cylinder.   The electric fields are shown by placing the two charged objects in a pan filled with cooking oil and pepper flakes.  The pepper flakes align in the electric field and allow visualization of the field.  In this image the left point is charged to -30,000 volts while the right ring has a potential of + 30,000 volts.  This image is part of a series showing different charging conditions.  Of special importance is the lack of fields showing inside the cylinder.  This is the classic case of no electrical fields inside an electrical conductor.  In this image the cylinder acts as a Faraday cage and shields the enclosed area from any external electrical fields..
    K11-efield010.JPG
  • The motion of a planets orbit around a star is simulated by rolling a ball on a curved surface of plastic..
    K11-gravitywell005.JPG
  • This is a demonstration used to show the principle of heat of compression.  This is the physical process that makes Diesel engines possible.   To work the demonstration, a small sample of cotton is placed in the chamber.  The plunger is then forced down and held in place with considerable force.  The air in the chamber is forced into a very small volume, thus heating the air above the flash temperature of the Cotton.  The same process take place in a Diesel engine, but the fuel is oil.  The Diesel engine is much more efficient that a gasoline engine.  This image is part of a sequence showing the chamber before and after ignition..
    K12-combustion8014.jpg
  • A young girl demonstrates her paper mache volcano reacting with vinegar and baking soda. This is an acid - base neutralization reaction which produces water and a salt as reactants.
    K10volcano002.JPG
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-46.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-42.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-44.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-3.jpg
  • Barium chloride (BaCl2) emits a red-orange glow in a flame test.  In this experiment the barium chloride is placed in a watch glass and saturated with ethanol.  The burning ethanol heats the barium to show the characteristic orange flame.
    K13-barium029.JPG
  • Marshmallows are placed in a vacuum chamber and the air is removed.  As the air is removed the pressure drops causing the air trapped in the marshmallows to expand.  The trapped air expands to many the original volume and the marshmallows grows in size.  This image is part of a series taken at different vacuum pressures.
    K12vac-marshmallow007.JPG
  • Ice water is placed in a beaker and the air is removed in a vacuum chamber.  Then the air pressure is lower that the waters vapor pressure the liquid will boil.
    K12vac-boil-icewater002.JPG
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a square sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency. When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes. Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate. The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate. This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 - 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibration078.jpg
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a square sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency. When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes. Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate. The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate. This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 - 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibration071.jpg
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a square sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency. When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes. Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate. The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate. This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 - 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibration067.jpg
  • The electrostatic field lines around  a point charge and a plate.The electric field is shown by placing the two plates below a pan filled with cooking oil and pepper flakes.  The pepper flakes align in the electric field and allow visualization of the field.  In this image the left point is charged to -30,000 volts while the right plate has a potential of + 30,000 volts.   This image is part of a series showing different charging conditions.
    K11-efield006A.jpg
  • The electrostatic field lines around  a point charge and a plate.The electric field is shown by placing the two plates below a pan filled with cooking oil and pepper flakes.  The pepper flakes align in the electric field and allow visualization of the field.  In this image the left point is charged to -30,000 volts while the right plate has a potential of + 30,000 volts.   This image is part of a series showing different charging conditions.
    K11-efield006.JPG
  • The electrostatic field lines around two parallel plates are shown by placing the two plates below a pan filled with cooking oil and pepper flakes.  The pepper flakes align in the electric field and allow visualization of the field.  In this image the left and right plates have idential gharge of +30,000 volts. This image is part of a series showing different charging conditions.
    K11-efield003C.jpg
  • The motion of a planets orbit around a star is simulated by rolling a ball on a curved surface of plastic..
    K11-gravitywell009.JPG
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a quare sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency.  When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes.   Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate.  The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate.   This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 – 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibrationsquare03.jpg
  • Crookes tube. Invented by William Crookes (1832 - 1919) in the late 19th century.  This apparatus was used to investigate the path taken by electrons or cathode rays as they were called then.   In this experiment the electrons are emitted from a central disc towards the glass.  As the electrons collide with the glass they fluoresce.   The metal star pattern blocks the electrons causing a shadow on the glass.  Crookes showed from the resulting shadow that electrons travel in straight lines.  The overall glow of the apparatus is caused by the excitation of the remaining gas molecules in the tube.
    K08crookes0372.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery is used to light an LED.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-4110.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-39.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-37.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-34.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-30.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-17.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-14.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-2.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-1.jpg
  • A balloon is placed in a vacuum chamber and the air is removed.  As the air is removed the pressure drops causing the air trapped in the balloon to expand.  The trapped air expands to many the original volume and the balloon grows in size.  This image is part of a series taken at different vacuum pressures.
    K12vac-pink-balloon001.JPG
  • Marshmallows are placed in a vacuum chamber and the air is removed.  As the air is removed the pressure drops causing the air trapped in the marshmallows to expand.  The trapped air expands to many the original volume and the marshmallows grows in size.  This image is part of a series taken at different vacuum pressures.
    K12vac-marshmallow006.JPG
  • Marshmallows are placed in a vacuum chamber and the air is removed.  As the air is removed the pressure drops causing the air trapped in the marshmallows to expand.  The trapped air expands to many the original volume and the marshmallows grows in size.  This image is part of a series taken at different vacuum pressures.
    K12vac-marshmallow004.JPG
  • Marshmallows are placed in a vacuum chamber and the air is removed.  As the air is removed the pressure drops causing the air trapped in the marshmallows to expand.  The trapped air expands to many the original volume and the marshmallows grows in size.  This image is part of a series taken at different vacuum pressures.
    K12vac-marshmallow002.JPG
  • Marshmallows are placed in a vacuum chamber and the air is removed.  As the air is removed the pressure drops causing the air trapped in the marshmallows to expand.  The trapped air expands to many the original volume and the marshmallows grows in size.  This image is part of a series taken at different vacuum pressures.
    K12vac-marshmallow003.JPG
  • A simulation of gravity showing curved space-time.  The ball represents the sun and is resting on a sheet of plastic that stretches under its weight.  The curved sheet of plastic is a way to visualize the way a gravity curves space.
    K11-gravitywell003.JPG
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a quare sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency.  When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes.   Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate.  The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate.   This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 – 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibrationsquare002.jpg
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a quare sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency.  When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes.   Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate.  The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate.   This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 – 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibrationsquare001.jpg
  • This is a demonstration used to show the principle of heat of compression.  This is the physical process that makes Diesel engines possible.   To work the demonstration, a small sample of cotton is placed in the chamber.  The plunger is then forced down and held in place with considerable force.  The air in the chamber is forced into a very small volume, thus heating the air above the flash temperature of the Cotton.  The same process take place in a Diesel engine, but the fuel is oil.  The Diesel engine is much more efficient that a gasoline engine.  This image is part of a sequence showing the chamber before and after ignition..
    K12-combustion8020.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-5.jpg
  • A balloon is placed in a vacuum chamber and the air is removed.  As the air is removed the pressure drops causing the air trapped in the balloon to expand.  The trapped air expands to many the original volume and the balloon grows in size.  This image is part of a series taken at different vacuum pressures.
    K12vac-pink-balloon002.JPG
  • Marshmallows are placed in a vacuum chamber and the air is removed.  As the air is removed the pressure drops causing the air trapped in the marshmallows to expand.  The trapped air expands to many the original volume and the marshmallows grows in size.  This image is part of a series taken at different vacuum pressures.
    K12vac-marshmallow008.JPG
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a square sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency. When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes. Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate. The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate. This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 - 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibration064.jpg
  • The electrostatic field lines around two parallel plates are shown by placing the two plates below a pan filled with cooking oil and pepper flakes.  The pepper flakes align in the electric field and allow visualization of the field.  In this image the left plate is charged to -30,000 volts while the right plate has a potential of + 30,000 volts.  This image is part of a series showing different charging conditions.
    K11-efield001B.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-47.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-35.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-11.jpg
  • Copper(II) chloride (CuCl2) emits a green-blue glow in a flame test.  In this experiment the copper chloride is placed in a watch glass and saturated with ethanol.  The burning ethanol heats the copper to show the characteristic green flame.
    K13-copper019.JPG
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a square sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency. When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes. Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate. The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate. This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 - 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibration068.jpg
  • The electrostatic field lines around two parallel plates are shown by placing the two plates below a pan filled with cooking oil and pepper flakes.  The pepper flakes align in the electric field and allow visualization of the field.  In this image the left and right plates have idential gharge of +30,000 volts. This image is part of a series showing different charging conditions.
    K11-efield003A.jpg
  • The motion of a planets orbit around a star is simulated by rolling a ball on a curved surface of plastic..
    K11-gravitywell007.JPG
  • Sand patterns formed from vibrating a quare sheet of thin metal. These formations, known as Chladni patterns, occur when fine particles, such as grains of sand or salt, form a unique pattern in response to pure tone vibrations such as musical notes. This sand was placed on a metal plate that was vibrated at different frequency.  When the plat is driven at a resonate frequency the sand grains will collect in the nodes.   Chladni Oscillations are a standing wave pattern visualized by vibrating a metal plate.  The nodes and anti-nodes of the oscillation are made visible my placing sand grains on the plate.   This technique for visualizing sound waves was discovered by Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 – 1827) also know for his work with the speed of sound.
    K10vibrationsquare-set2.jpg
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