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  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks606B.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks42504A.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks5002.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks608E.jpg
  • K18sparks002CUA.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks5001.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks608E.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks606B.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks001A.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks42505A.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks42502A.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks5002.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks008A.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks42502A.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks607C.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks008A.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks004.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks42503A.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks5001.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks010A.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks003.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks42503A.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks010A.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks003.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks002A.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks607C.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks002A.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks004.jpg
  • An electrical spark created when a sheet pf photographic film is placed between two high voltage electrodes. Initially, the film builds up a charge on the surface and acts like as a capacitor. At a certain potential voltage the film, which is a dielectric material, breaks down and allows electrons to flow. The flowing electrons superheat the air resulting in an electrical spark which is recorded in the film emulsion. These are often called Lichtenberg Figures after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them.
    K18sparks42505A.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-36.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-16.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-45.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-18.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-15.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-42.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-29.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-9.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-3.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-44.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-30.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-14.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-2.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-46.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-39.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-37.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-34.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-17.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-5.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-1.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-35.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-11.jpg
  • A voltaic pile battery.  This type of battery was the first chemical battery and was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1791.  This battery consists of two different metals.  Here copper United States pennies manufactured before 1982 were used and the source of Zinc was zinc coated washers.  Cotton paper is placed between the coins and wetted with an acid.  In this experiment the acid used was 5% acetic acid from household vinegar. The vinegar is the electrolyte<br />
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produces a continuous electricity and stable current. The order of the stack is copper, zinc and then paper.  This pattern is repeated throughout the battery.
    K16ZnCubattery-47.jpg
  • This image of an electrical discharge was made by placing a block of Lucite in the 6 megavolt (6Mv) electron beam of a linear accelerator. The Lucite gained a tremendous electrical charge when a grounded electrode was placed near it. The current flowing to ground melted the Lucite, leaving a record of the current flow. This fern-like fractal structure is quite common in electricity.
    lichtenberg_00035_RT8B.jpg
  • An X-ray of an Electronic Thermometer.  This type of electronic thermometer uses an infra-red sensor that detects the heat from a body.  The unit uses a 9 volt battery located at the bottom.  The heat sensor is at the top of this image.
    elect-thermometerFC.jpg
  • The electrostatic field lines around a point charge and a cylinder.   The electric fields are shown by placing the two charged objects in a pan filled with cooking oil and pepper flakes.  The pepper flakes align in the electric field and allow visualization of the field.  In this image the left point is charged to -30,000 volts while the right ring has a potential of + 30,000 volts.  This image is part of a series showing different charging conditions.  Of special importance is the lack of fields showing inside the cylinder.  This is the classic case of no electrical fields inside an electrical conductor.  In this image the cylinder acts as a Faraday cage and shields the enclosed area from any external electrical fields..
    K11-efield012.JPG
  • The electrostatic field lines around a point charge and a cylinder.   The electric fields are shown by placing the two charged objects in a pan filled with cooking oil and pepper flakes.  The pepper flakes align in the electric field and allow visualization of the field.  In this image the left point is charged to -30,000 volts while the right ring has a potential of + 30,000 volts.  This image is part of a series showing different charging conditions.  Of special importance is the lack of fields showing inside the cylinder.  This is the classic case of no electrical fields inside an electrical conductor.  In this image the cylinder acts as a Faraday cage and shields the enclosed area from any external electrical fields..
    K11-efield010.JPG
  • The electrostatic field lines around  a point charge and a plate.The electric field is shown by placing the two plates below a pan filled with cooking oil and pepper flakes.  The pepper flakes align in the electric field and allow visualization of the field.  In this image the left point is charged to -30,000 volts while the right plate has a potential of + 30,000 volts.   This image is part of a series showing different charging conditions.
    K11-efield006A.jpg
  • The electrostatic field lines around  a point charge and a plate.The electric field is shown by placing the two plates below a pan filled with cooking oil and pepper flakes.  The pepper flakes align in the electric field and allow visualization of the field.  In this image the left point is charged to -30,000 volts while the right plate has a potential of + 30,000 volts.   This image is part of a series showing different charging conditions.
    K11-efield006.JPG
  • The electrostatic field lines around two parallel plates are shown by placing the two plates below a pan filled with cooking oil and pepper flakes.  The pepper flakes align in the electric field and allow visualization of the field.  In this image the left and right plates have idential gharge of +30,000 volts. This image is part of a series showing different charging conditions.
    K11-efield003C.jpg
  • The electrostatic field lines around two parallel plates are shown by placing the two plates below a pan filled with cooking oil and pepper flakes.  The pepper flakes align in the electric field and allow visualization of the field.  In this image the left plate is charged to -30,000 volts while the right plate has a potential of + 30,000 volts.  This image is part of a series showing different charging conditions.
    K11-efield001B.jpg
  • The electrostatic field lines around two parallel plates are shown by placing the two plates below a pan filled with cooking oil and pepper flakes.  The pepper flakes align in the electric field and allow visualization of the field.  In this image the left and right plates have idential gharge of +30,000 volts. This image is part of a series showing different charging conditions.
    K11-efield003A.jpg
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Ted Kinsman

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